Introduction
The term “control” can be used as noun or verb and both have important meaning in the field of human factors and ergonomics.Control (as verb) refers to the activities of one or more people directly or indirectly guiding a system or process to achieve pre-determined goal(s) or perform according to certain specification(s). Control (as noun) refers to a device which is used to control a system or process. Humans control their limbs in the most sophisticated ways when they make movements. It is done automatically and most of the time people are not aware of how they do it. (e.g. picking up a pen) In more complex settings, people control their movement more consciously. (e.g. driving)Human factors interaction, Source: https://sites.tufts.edu/bethkrikorian/
Introduction In order to control a system, it is necessary to have:
One or more goals or objectivesObservations or measurements of how close the current situation is to meet the goals/objectivesMeans to adjust the improve the performance of the systemUsually, systems are made of multiple components and controls and each of them have their own inter-related goals/objectives.CarCooling SystemFuel SystemSuspension SystemPower TransmissionEnvironmental factors
Control SystemExample of a control systemThere is always time-lag between input and outputControl activitiesGoals and informationPower sourceEnvironmental factorsControllersControl junctionControlled variablesControl effectorsDetectorsControl signalsSensed signalsConditioned signalDisplays and ControlsPeople interact with machines, tools, computer, equipment in order to perform tasks.The controller component of control systems (previous slide) is where people communicate with machines to determine what should and what should not be done.Information are provided to operators by machines using displays, dials, lights, audio signals and etc. and operators enter inputs using keys, switches, keyboards and etc.In order to have an effective display and control, the designer must first have a well-defined objective. (what information are supposed to be displayed and why)Displays and ControlsDesign of displays and controls are closely related. Visual characteristics of controls show:What they are for.What the current status of the system is.Multiple displays and controls are usually provided together to create an interface (a point where two systems, subjects, organizations, etc., meet and interact).The arrangement of displays and controls is an important factor in interface effectiveness and usability.User-Centered Interface Design
The main goal of user-centered interface design is to make interaction with the system as simple, effective and efficient as possible.The designer develops different forms of arrangements of displays and controls and tests their efficiency and usability.In some interface designs the displays and controls are distinguishably separate (displays on dashboard and controls in a car), and in some systems the displays and controls are integrates into one component (touch screen displays).User-Centered Interface Designs are focused on:Selecting the type of displays and controlsDetermining the arrangement of displays and controlsBeing appropriate for the task and usersNatural MappingsNatural mapping is one way to design user-centered interfaces.It systematically considers the display-like properties of the function and control elements of the system.It can lead to designs that eliminate the need for additional displays or labels or instructions.In other words, the arrangement of controls can be mapped similar to the actual configuration of components of a system which are supposed to be controlled, so the operator can understand which control belongs to which component without using additional displays or labels.
The main goal of user-centered interface design is to make interaction with the system as simple, effective and efficient as possible.The designer develops different forms of arrangements of displays and controls and tests their efficiency and usability.In some interface designs the displays and controls are distinguishably separate (displays on dashboard and controls in a car), and in some systems the displays and controls are integrates into one component (touch screen displays).User-Centered Interface Designs are focused on:Selecting the type of displays and controlsDetermining the arrangement of displays and controlsBeing appropriate for the task and usersNatural MappingsNatural mapping is one way to design user-centered interfaces.It systematically considers the display-like properties of the function and control elements of the system.It can lead to designs that eliminate the need for additional displays or labels or instructions.In other words, the arrangement of controls can be mapped similar to the actual configuration of components of a system which are supposed to be controlled, so the operator can understand which control belongs to which component without using additional displays or labels.
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